Aggregation

Key characteristics of aggregation:

• It’s a stronger relationship than a simple association, but weaker than composition.
• The “part” object can exist independently of the “whole” object.
• Multiple “whole” objects can share the same “part” object.
• If the “whole” object is destroyed, the “part” object continues to exist.

Let’s look at an example to illustrate aggregation:

class Department:
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.employees = []

    def add_employee(self, employee):
        self.employees.append(employee)

    def remove_employee(self, employee):
        self.employees.remove(employee)

    def list_employees(self):
        return f"Department {self.name} has employees: {', '.join(emp.name for emp in self.employees)}"

class Employee:
    def __init__(self, name, id):
        self.name = name
        self.id = id

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Employee(name={self.name}, id={self.id})"

# Creating instances
hr_dept = Department("Human Resources")
it_dept = Department("Information Technology")

emp1 = Employee("Alice", "E001")
emp2 = Employee("Bob", "E002")
emp3 = Employee("Charlie", "E003")

# Adding employees to departments
hr_dept.add_employee(emp1)
hr_dept.add_employee(emp2)
it_dept.add_employee(emp2)  # Note: Bob works in both HR and IT
it_dept.add_employee(emp3)

print(hr_dept.list_employees())
print(it_dept.list_employees())

# If we remove the HR department, the employees still exist
del hr_dept
print(emp1)  # Employee still exists

In this example, we have an aggregation relationship between Department and Employee. A Department has Employees, but Employees can exist independently of any particular Department. Also, an Employee can belong to multiple Departments (as we see with Bob).

Here’s a UML diagram representing this aggregation relationship:

classDiagram
    class Department {
        +name: string
        +employees: list
        +add_employee(employee)
        +remove_employee(employee)
        +list_employees()
    }
    class Employee {
        +name: string
        +id: string
        +__str__()
    }
    Department o-- Employee : has

In this diagram, the open diamond on the Department side of the relationship indicates aggregation. This shows that Department is the “whole” and Employee is the “part” in this relationship.

It’s important to note that while aggregation implies a whole-part relationship, the “part” (in this case, Employee) can exist independently and can even be part of multiple “wholes” (multiple Departments).

References

1. Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., & Vlissides, J. (1994). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Addison-Wesley.
2. Martin, R. C. (2017). Clean Architecture: A Craftsman’s Guide to Software Structure and Design. Prentice Hall.
3. Fowler, M. (2002). Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. Addison-Wesley.
4. Bloch, J. (2018). Effective Java (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley.
5. Phillips, D. (2018). Python 3 Object-Oriented Programming (3rd ed.). Packt Publishing.
6. Lott, S. F. (2020). Object-Oriented Python: Master OOP by Building Games and GUIs. No Starch Press.
7. Booch, G., Rumbaugh, J., & Jacobson, I. (2005). The Unified Modeling Language User Guide (2nd ed.). Addison-Wesley.